Learning Theory
Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding: What the Evidence Says
The Zone of Proximal Development explained, with the scaffolding evidence that supports it and the parts of the…
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Articles by Harry Cloke
Neuroscience
Cognitive Biases in Learning: Why the Brain Misjudges What it Knows
Cognitive biases make us misjudge our own learning, mistaking fluency for mastery. Discover the biases that sabotage learning,…
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L&D Strategy
Constructive Feedback: Why a Third of It Makes Performance Worse
Feedback improves performance on average. It also makes it worse more than a third of the time. Here's…
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Gamification
Intrinsic Motivation vs Extrinsic Motivation: Unlocking Your Learners’ Inner Drive
Unlock learner engagement! Explore intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, backed by research. Discover how to use rewards to inspire…
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L&D Strategy
Mayer’s Principles of Multimedia Learning: The Science of Content That Sticks
Mayer’s cognitive theory of multimedia learning turns 200+ experiments into practical rules for designing content that teaches. Here’s…
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Engagement
Dopamine and Learning: What the Brain’s Most Misunderstood Chemical Actually Does
Dopamine is not the pleasure chemical. It signals wanting and prediction error, and that changes how you should…
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L&D Strategy
Transfer of Learning: Why Training So Often Fails to Reach the Job
Transfer of learning is whether training actually changes what people do at work. Discover why so much training…
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L&D Strategy
Elaboration and the Generation Effect: Why the Brain Remembers What It Produces
The generation effect and elaboration explain why producing beats receiving. Discover the science of active learning and how…
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L&D Strategy
The Top 25 L&D Voices Worth Following in 2026
Our guide to the 25 L&D voices worth following in 2026: the analysts, learning scientists, in-house practitioners, and…
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Learning Theory
Interleaving: How Mixed Practice Can Boost Your Learning
Interleaving, or mixed practice, feels harder than studying one topic at a time, but the science shows it…
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Neuroscience
Neuroplasticity: How Learning Physically Rewires the Brain
Neuroplasticity is how the brain physically changes as we learn. Discover the neuroscience of rewiring, and what it…
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Neuroscience
The Neuroscience of Sleep and Learning: Why the Brain Consolidates Memory Overnight
Discover how sleep consolidates memory and cements learning. The neuroscience of why rest, not repetition alone, turns training…
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